About the Book

The book ‘Transformative Change in Society and Administration: Perspectives, Development, and Challenges’ comprises the different dimensions of society and administrative practices that strive to make social change through its policies and programmes to ensure the transformation and evolve social welfare administration. The book may be found useful by policy makers, students and researchers in public administration, and scholars having interest in the subject.

About Author

Dr. T. Gopinath is Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Public Administration at Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development (RGNIYD), Regional Centre, Chandigarh. His areas of specialization are Youth Development, Gender, Entrepreneurship, Life Skills Education, Good Governance, Public Service Delivery Mechanism etc.

Dr. Vivek Trivedi is a Social Development Officer (SDO) in the Municipal Corporation, Chandigarh, and has a Doctorate in Social Work from Panjab University, Chandigarh. He founded the Association of Professional Social Workers and Development Practitioners (APSWDP) India in 2014.

Rajeev Kumar is Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration at Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development, Regional Centre, Chandigarh. He specialized in areas of Local Governance, Environmental Governance, Disaster Management, and Citizen Centric Administration.

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgment

1. Indian Society: An Exploratory Journey/ 1

Rajeev Kumar and Roshni Devi

Introduction / 1; Concept of Society / 1; Historical Roots of Indian Society / 2; Historical Perspective of Indian Society in Ancient Indian Society / 2; Historical Perspective of Indian Society in Medieval India / 4; Historical Perspective of Indian Society in Modern Era / 5; Demographic Profile of India / 7; Salient Features of India’s Demographic / 8; Key Characteristics of Indian Society / 8

2. Social Issues and Strategies Adopted in India: An Overview/ 16

Dr. K. Gopikala

Introduction / 16; Concept of Social Problems / 17; Social Problems and Social Policy / 17; Understanding Social Issues in India / 18; Poverty Eradication Policy and Programmes in India / 21; Policy to Reducing Unemployment in India / 22; Gender Inequality in India / 23; Healthcare Challenges in India / 24; Environmental Degradation and Challenges in India / 26; Challenges in Dealing with Social Issues in India / 28; Policy Formulation for Social Development in India / 29

3. Social Development and Public Administration Where the Converge Matters/ 34

Dr. T. Gopinath

Introduction / 34; Social Development / 34; Indicators of Social Development / 35; Relationship between Public Administration and Social Development in India / 35; Policies and Programmes for Social Development in India / 37; How the Government addresses the social issues in India / 54; Highlights of Social Development Programmes / 56

4. Participatory Governance and Administrative Structure in India/ 62

Prof. Inderjeet Singh Sodhi

Introduction / 62; Evolution of the Indian Administrative System / 62; Structure of Administrative System in India / 63; Split System in Indian Administration / 64; Functions of the Indian Administrative System / 64; Features of the Indian Administrative System / 65; Issues in the Indian Administrative System / 66; Reforms in Indian Administrative Services / 66; Participatory Governance in India / 67; Concept of Participatory Governance / 67; Theoretical Foundations of Participatory Governance / 68; Evolutionary Journey of Participatory Governance in India / 69; Concept in the Indian Context / 70; Models of Participatory Governance in India / 71; Challenges and Opportunities in Participatory Governance in India / 73; Challenges / 73; Opportunities / 73

5. Decentralized Governance in Urban India Where Participation Matters: New Dawn on Decentralisation/ 76

John Felix Raj and Prabhat Kumar Datta

Concept of Governance / 77; Historical Roots of the Practice of Participation / 78; Rise of Participatory Institutions / 78; Participatory Urban Governance in India / 79; New Dawn in Decentralization / 79; Situation in West Bengal / 80; Concluding Observations / 83

6. Social Work Profession in India: A Panoramic View/ 86

Dr. S. Kumaravel

Introduction / 86; Background of Social Work in Western / 87; Genesis of Social Work in India / 88; Methods of Social Work / 89; National Association of Social Work in India / 92; Social Work in Indian Context — A Way Forward / 94

7. International Organizations and Interventional Mechanisms to Address Social Issues/ 96

Ripudaman Chopra

Introduction / 96; United Nations Organizations: Catalysts for Social Change / 97; Regional Organizations: Engines of Social Progress / 100; International Institutions: Partners in Social Transformation / 103; International Associations and NGOs: Agents of Social Transformation / 104; Intervention Mechanisms / 107; Collaborative Approaches in Addressing Social Issues / 110; Collaborative Initiative to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Globally / 113; Challenges and Limitations in Addressing Social Issues / 115; Conclusion: Advancing Transformative Change through Collaborative Interventions / 117

8. Sustainable Development Goals and its Impact on Society and Social Development/ 120

Sumit Arora

Introduction / 120; Background / 121; Understanding who is being left behind / 122; Reasons for being Left Behind / 122; The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) / 123; SDGs and Social Development / 125

9. An Understanding of Scheduled Caste in India/ 133

Sourabh Prakash

Introduction / 133; Untouchable Castes and their Origins / 133; Scheduled Castes: Social Backgrounds / 134; Population of the Scheduled Castes in India / 135; List of Scheduled Castes / 136; Constitutional Provisions for the Scheduled Castes / 140; Reservation Policy for the Scheduled Castes / 142; Welfare Programmes and Schemes for Scheduled Castes / 143

10. An Understanding of Scheduled Tribes in India/ 154

Aman Sharma

Introduction / 154; India: A Racial and Tribal Melting Pot / 154; Meaning of Tribe / 154; Definition of Scheduled Tribe / 154; Why the Name “Scheduled Tribes”? / 155; Choosing a Group of People as Scheduled Tribes / 155; Expansion of India’s Scheduled Tribes / 155; Classification of Tribes in India / 156; Should we support the transformation of tribal cultures or protect them? / 158; Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups / 159; National Commission for Scheduled Tribes / 159; Forest Rights Act 2006 / 160; Schemes for the Development of Scheduled Tribe / 161; Safeguards Provided by the Indian Constitution for Scheduled Tribes / 164

11. Human Rights: Theories, Development and Challenges in India/ 167

Varsha Gaur

Theories and Background / 167; Human Rights in India: Development and Challenges / 169; Human Rights and Challenges / 170

12. Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Development: Opportunities and Challenges/ 174

Gurpreet Choudhary

Introduction / 174; Theoretical Frameworks / 175; Corporate Social Responsibility Regulation in India / 177; Implementing CSR Initiatives to Address Various Challenges In India / 184; CSR Committees in Corporates / 185; Challenges / 186; Opportunities / 188; Suggestions / 189

13. Alternative Interventions/ 193

Dr. Umashankar Ganesan

The Setting / 193; Who and What? / 193; More Legitimate – More Accountable / 195; Roles Played / 197; Not the Last Word / 201

14. Shared Future for Transformative Change in Society and Administration/ 202

Hitesh Kumar Gulati

Organisation Level / 203; Community Level / 207; Climate Change Solutions for Sustainable Development / 208; Initiatives on Combatting COVID-19 by NGOs and Government at Chandigarh / 210

15. Social Welfare Administration and Future Needs/ 214

Dr. Vivek Trivedi

Social Welfare / 214; Social Welfare Administration / 214; Nature / 216; Social Welfare Administration in India / 217; Objectives of Social Welfare Administration / 217; Types of Social Welfare Administration / 219; Principles of Social Welfare Administration / 220; Models of Social Welfare Administration / 221; Component of Social Work Administration / 222; ‘POSDCORB’ in Social Welfare Administration / 224; Future Aspects in Social Welfare Administration / 227

Editors 229

Additional Info.